Preparation of Benzonitrile Benzonitrile: A solution of benzenediazonium chloride is prepared by dissolving 20 ml (or 20.5 g) aniline in a mixture of 50 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 50 ml of water. The obtained aniline hydrochloride solution is cooled to 5° C, and then cautiously a solution of 17 g of sodium nitrite dissolved in 40 ml of water is added dropwise. During the diazotization the temperature is maintained between 5° C and 10° C. Then, while the benzene-diazonium chloride solution is standing in ice-water, 55 g of powdered copper sulfate are dissolved in 200 ml of water…
Author: Ethan Frank
Synthesis of Sorbitan Oleate To 1000 ml of a phosphate buffer having a pH of 7.3 were added 4.93 g of sorbitan, 22.60 g of oleic acid and 4.0 g of LIPASE MY. The mixture was incubated and processed as in Example 1 to give 18.34 g of sorbitan oleate. Similar syntheses
Preparation of Aluminium Iodide Aluminium Iodide: Eighteen grams of iodine, heated to about 180°C are sublimed over 60 g of aluminum granules (about 10 mesh) heated at 500-625° C in vacuum or a slow stream of nitrogen or carbon dioxide. The almost white product sublimes into the receivers; a large excess of metal is used to ensure complete use of the iodine. Yield about of aluminium iodide is 75% of theory based on the iodine used. Five grams of pure aluminum are refluxed with 20 g of dry iodine in 80 ml of carbon tetrachloride until the iodine color has completely…
Preparation of Cyclopentanol / cyclopentanone Cyclopentanol: 88.5 ml (or 84.1 g) of Cyclopentanol / cyclopentanone are dissolved in the mixture of 750 ml of ether and 150 ml of water. 69 grams of clean sodium are introduced in the form of wire (or small pieces) as rapidly as possible. During the addition of water the reaction must be kept under control and, if necessary, the flask must be cooled in ice. When all the sodium has reacted, the ethereal layer is separated, wash with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid (1:1), then with water, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate or with…
Synthesis of Sodium Ethoxide Sodium Ethoxide: A solution of sodium ethoxide was prepared by adding freshly cut sodium (2.72 g, 118 mmoles) to absolute ethanol (350 ml). Guanidine hydrochloride (11.3 g, 118 mmoles) was added and the mixture was stirred and heated to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of ethyl 7-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-naphthoate (11.72 g, 39.4 mmoles) in absolute ethanol (75 ml) was added dropwise over 2.5 hours. Refluxing was continued for an additional 21.5 hours, after which time the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. Ethanol was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a yellow-colored foam which…
Preparation of p-benzoquinone (benzoquinone; quinone) Benzoquinone: Quinone usually is prepared by the oxidation of aniline in acid solution with sodium dichromate. On a laboratory scale the yield is only about 35% and the process is somewhat lengthy. A rapid method of preparing pure quinone consists in oxidizing hydroquinone with manganese dioxide in an acid medium and removing the product from the reaction mixture by steam distillation. Oxidation of hydroquinone is a more satisfactory regarding starting material than aniline for the laboratory production of quinone. Furthermore, the yield is much better. The reaction is carried out in a 2-liter flask having a…
Preparation of Potassium Nitrite Potassium nitrite is prepared (similarly to sodium nitrite) by heating potassium nitrate with elemental lead. Lead also could be replaced with metallic copper or zinc. In an iron pan a mixture 100 g of potassium nitrate and 204 g of metallic lead is fused with proper stirring. Even at a low red heat the lead becomes for the most part oxidized and converted into a yellow powder – lead oxide (PbO). To finish the reaction and oxidize completely remaining lead, the heat is increased to visible redness and maintained with stirring at that point for 30 minutes.…
Free Wallhacks For Call of Duty: Warzone A wallhack is a program that scans the map and reveals important objects to the player. This feature is extremely powerful in Call of Duty: Warzone, but it still requires skill to use it and react to what you see. You have a chance to be killed by enemies, even if you’re using a wallhack. This means that you still need to have skill in aiming and reacting to what you see. No Recoil hack The No Recoil hack for Call of Duty is an advanced game macro, which allows players to improve…
Preparation of Lead II Nitrate Lead II Nitrate: Lead nitrate is one of the most readily prepared salts of lead. Lead oxide (litharge), lead carbonate or metallic lead is treated with an excess amount of concentrated nitric acid. When the reaction mixture cools the crystals of lead(II) nitrate crystallizes. Lead(II) nitrate is separated by filtration and purified by recrystallization. If an insufficient amount of nitric acid is used, the basic salt of lead nitrate (Pb(OH)NO3) forms, which separates as a fine granular or flaky precipitate when the solution cooled. Lead II Nitrate: Synthetic inorganic chemistry, by A. A. Blanchard, 277-278, 1936…
Preparation of Nitrogen Trichloride Nitrogen Trichloride: In 1 liter round bottom flask 225 ml of chloroform with 10-20% carbon tetrachloride is placed. To this mixture 600 ml of a 10% solution of ammonium sulfate was added. The flask is plugged with stopper having inlet and outlet tubes. The outlet tube is attached to a flask containing an excess of alkali to absorb chlorine. To control the reaction the flask should be cooled with ice-water. Then, the inlet tube is attached to the chlorine generator and strong current of chlorine while shaking the reaction mixture is passed into the solution for…